1716, Ο Δίδυμος Ιστορικός Συμβολισμός (in greek & in english)
Εκείνο τον καιρό ο Ευγένιος της Σαβοΐας ήταν ήδη ο δοξασμένος στρατηλάτης της Ευρώπης. Έμελλε, κατά τον μήνα Αύγουστο του 1716, και με την ευλογία της Παναγίας των Χιονιών, να είναι αυτός που θα έδινε το καίριο κτύπημα στον Οθωμανικό στρατό στο Πετροβαραντίν της Ουγγαρίας (σημερινό προάστιο του Νόβι-Σαντ της βόρειας σημερινής Σερβίας).
At that time, Eugene of Savoy was already the glorified army commander of Europe. In August 1716, and with the benediction of Virgin Mary of Snows, he would be the one who would give the vital blow to the Ottoman army in Petrovaradin of Hungary (today’s suburb of Novi Sad in northern today’s Serbia).
Though he was a French, Eugene was glorified as general of the Austrian and Habsburgs’ army (fighting even against France). Now, in Petrovaradin, as the head of a multinational Christian army of 75,000 soldiers, he was facing a much more cohesive Ottoman army of 150,000 soldiers. The overwhelming victory of the European army over the Ottoman (and Muslim) army in Petrovaradin is of the same symbolic value as the battle of Poitiers (where in 732 the Arabic, Muslim expansion to Europe had been stopped).
Ottomans’ defeat would be supplemented, few days afterwards, in Corfu. The siege of island, by an Ottoman fleet and 30.000 Ottoman soldiers, was at last unclasped under the pressure of the heroic resistance of Corfiots and Europeans who fought under the brave and competent general Schulenburg (appointed by the Doge of Venice on Eugene’s suggestion) and of course with the benediction of Saint-protector of the island (to whom the catalytic storm of the days was attributed). The successful siege of Belgrade’s fortress by the advancing Eugene’s army would follow.
The treaty of Passarowitz, in 1718, would seal this war period, proclaiming as winner the Austrian empire against Ottoman, but also proclaiming as winner the Ottoman against Venetian. Venice, being defeated even if she had kept Corfu, lost Peloponnese. Turkey, being defeated even if she had gained Peloponnese, lost finally the proximity to west Europe via Hungary. Turkey will not any more threaten Europe. (Venice will follow the orbit of decline – up to her final fall, in 1797.)
If we think that at that time Ottoman despotism constitutes the great ideological opponent of the “enlightened” of European Enlightenment (eg Montesquieu, in Spirit of Laws, fixes explicitly “Turkey” as the anti-model, that is to say, as what Europe should never become), we can understand the political symbolism of Ottoman’s defeat in Corfu and Petrovaradin. The despotism is what was defeated and, for redeemed Europe, 18th century would be called “age of Enlightenment”. History would have taken another turn, if the result of these two twin battles had been different.
In the front line as in the rear, belligerents were completely aware of the high political-religious risk (even if most European soldiers, according to the practice of age, were mercenaries!). Montesquieu and the rest philosophes at distant Paris could think secularly, however all those who heard the bullet above their head (either mercenaries or not) invoked immediately divine intervention. And all these men knew what faith with what were at war.
Note 1. It is certain that Montesquieu practiced criticism to despotic “Turk” in order to be heard by Louis. Likewise it is certain that a comparison of societies showed that in a lot of things (eg cleanness!) the Ottomans excelled. However, it was already clear where the stagnation and where the progress stood.
Note 2. Greeks of Peloponnese came out themselves militantly in favor of Turks against the authoritarian Venetians. Narration of history can never be simplistically schematic.
Note 3. Virgin Mary of Snows (name from the snow that fell in the field of battle, in August month!) is honored yearly on these days of August in the namesake church that is found in the place of the battle. It is the only church in Europe (with an Orthodox altar and a catholic one) that is honored by both, Orthodox and Catholics.
Note 4. Already since 1453, Sultan, having henceforth the title of Emperor of Rome, claimed as his own legacy the old Roman universality. Two times (1529 and 1683), he stopped outside Vienna, seat of German Roman emperor. The third was in 1716. Roughly 500 kilometers south-east of Vienna. (Same distance as Venice, south-west of Vienna.) (Obviously, beyond titles, Sultan, in 1716, was interested more immediately for the recuperation of rich - in ground and ability to pay taxes - Hungary, which had been lost for Turkey after the treaty of Karlowitz, in 1699.)
ΚΩΣΤΑΣ ΒΕΡΓΟΣ
Οικονομολόγος, διεθνολόγος, Ph.D.. Δίδαξε στην τεε επί 30 έτη, επί 13 διευθυντής επαλ. Συγγραφέας, ‘Γεωπολιτική των Εθνών’, Παπαζήσης, κλπ, και αρθρογράφος στον καθημερινό και ειδικό τύπο, συνεργάτης της ‘Ε’ από το 1990. Ραδιοφωνικός και τηλεοπτικός παραγωγός, ‘Απαρχές της Jazz’, ΕΡΑ Κέρκυρας, και τα πολιτικο--πολιτισμικά ‘Περιγράμματα’, Corfu Channel. Αλεξανδρινός, Κερκυραίος, Έλληνας, πολίτης του κόσμου. Συγγραφέας: Ντοστογιέφσκι. Φιλόσοφος: Χάνα Άρεντ. Απόφθεγμα: «Ζήσε σαν στην τελευταία σου μέρα, μάθαινε σαν να πρόκειται να ζεις αιώνια», Γκάντι.